A vast, thin plane of corotating dwarf galaxies orbiting the Andromeda galaxy
Identifieur interne : 005125 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 005124; suivant : 005126A vast, thin plane of corotating dwarf galaxies orbiting the Andromeda galaxy
Auteurs : Rodrigo A. Ibata [France] ; Geraint F. Lewis [Australie] ; Anthony R. Conn [Australie] ; Michael J. Irwin [Royaume-Uni] ; Alan W. Mcconnachie [Canada] ; Scott C. Chapman [Canada] ; Michelle L. Collins [Allemagne] ; Mark Fardal [États-Unis] ; Annette M. N. Ferguson [Royaume-Uni] ; Neil G. Ibata [France] ; A. Dougal Mackey [Australie] ; Nicolas F. Martin [France, Allemagne] ; Julio Navarro [Canada] ; R. Michael Rich [États-Unis] ; David Valls-Gabaud [France] ; Lawrence M. Widrow [Canada]Source :
- Nature : (London) [ 0028-0836 ] ; 2013.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Dwarf satellite galaxies are thought to be the remnants of the population of primordial structures that coalesced to form giant galaxies like the Milky Way1. It has previously been suspected2 that dwarf galaxies may not be isotropically distributed around our Galaxy, because several are correlated with streams of H I emission, and may form coplanar groups3. These suspicions are supported by recent analyses4-7. It has been claimed7 that the apparently planar distribution of satellites is not predicted within standard cosmology8, and cannot simply represent a memory of past coherent accretion. However, other studies dispute this conclusion9-11. Here we report the existence of a planar subgroup of satellites in the Andromeda galaxy (M 31), comprising about half of the population. The structure is at least 400 kiloparsecs in diameter, but also extremely thin, with a perpendicular scatter of less than 14.1 kiloparsecs. Radial velocity measurements12-15 reveal that the satellites in this structure have the same sense of rotation about their host. This shows conclusively that substantial numbers of dwarf satellite galaxies share the same dynamical orbital properties and direction of angular momentum. Intriguingly, the plane we identify is approximately aligned with the pole of the Milky Way's disk and with the vector between the Milky Way and Andromeda.
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Canada, France, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Alsace (région administrative), Angleterre, Angleterre de l'Est, Bade-Wurtemberg, District de Karlsruhe, Grand Est, Massachusetts, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Écosse, Île-de-France
- Amherst (Massachusetts), Cambridge, Heidelberg, Paris, Strasbourg, Sydney, Édimbourg
- Université d'Édimbourg, Université de Cambridge, Université de Sydney, Université du Massachusetts
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Mcconnachie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria</s1><s2>British Columbia, V9E 2E7</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>British Columbia, V9E 2E7</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Scott C" sort="Chapman, Scott C" uniqKey="Chapman S" first="Scott C." last="Chapman">Scott C. Chapman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, 6310 Coburg Road</s1><s2>Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Michelle L" sort="Collins, Michelle L" uniqKey="Collins M" first="Michelle L." last="Collins">Michelle L. Collins</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17</s1><s2>69117 Heidelberg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region><settlement type="city">Heidelberg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fardal, Mark" sort="Fardal, Mark" uniqKey="Fardal M" first="Mark" last="Fardal">Mark Fardal</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>University of Massachusetts, Department Astronomy, LGRT 619-E, 710 North Pleasant Street</s1><s2>Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9305</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9305</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université du Massachusetts</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amherst (Massachusetts)</settlement><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Annette M N" sort="Ferguson, Annette M N" uniqKey="Ferguson A" first="Annette M. N." last="Ferguson">Annette M. N. Ferguson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory</s1><s2>Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ibata, Neil G" sort="Ibata, Neil G" uniqKey="Ibata N" first="Neil G." last="Ibata">Neil G. Ibata</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Lycée International des Pontonniers, 1 rue des Pontonniers</s1><s2>67000 Strasbourg</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>67000 Strasbourg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Alsace (région administrative)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dougal Mackey, A" sort="Dougal Mackey, A" uniqKey="Dougal Mackey A" first="A." last="Dougal Mackey">A. Dougal Mackey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>The Australian National University, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek</s1><s2>Australian Capital Province 2611</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Australian Capital Province 2611</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicolas F" sort="Martin, Nicolas F" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicolas F." last="Martin">Nicolas F. Martin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Université</s1><s2>67000 Strasbourg</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>67000 Strasbourg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Alsace (région administrative)</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17</s1><s2>69117 Heidelberg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region><settlement type="city">Heidelberg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, Julio" sort="Navarro, Julio" uniqKey="Navarro J" first="Julio" last="Navarro">Julio Navarro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michael Rich, R" sort="Michael Rich, R" uniqKey="Michael Rich R" first="R." last="Michael Rich">R. Michael Rich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, PAB, 430 Portola Plaza</s1><s2>Los Angeles, California 90095-1547</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Los Angeles, California 90095-1547</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valls Gabaud, David" sort="Valls Gabaud, David" uniqKey="Valls Gabaud D" first="David" last="Valls-Gabaud">David Valls-Gabaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>LERMA, UMR CNRS 8112, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenuede l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75014 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widrow, Lawrence M" sort="Widrow, Lawrence M" uniqKey="Widrow L" first="Lawrence M." last="Widrow">Lawrence M. Widrow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University</s1><s2>Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">13-0106344</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 13-0106344 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:13-0106344</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000B83</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">005282</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000B41</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000B41</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0028-0836:2013:Ibata R:a:vast:thin</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">005315</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">005125</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">005125</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">A vast, thin plane of corotating dwarf galaxies orbiting the Andromeda galaxy</title><author><name sortKey="Ibata, Rodrigo A" sort="Ibata, Rodrigo A" uniqKey="Ibata R" first="Rodrigo A." last="Ibata">Rodrigo A. Ibata</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Université</s1><s2>67000 Strasbourg</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Alsace (région administrative)</region><settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Geraint F" sort="Lewis, Geraint F" uniqKey="Lewis G" first="Geraint F." last="Lewis">Geraint F. Lewis</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, A28, The University of Sydney</s1><s2>New South Wales 2006</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conn, Anthony R" sort="Conn, Anthony R" uniqKey="Conn A" first="Anthony R." last="Conn">Anthony R. Conn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University</s1><s2>New South Wales 2109</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>New South Wales 2109</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Irwin, Michael J" sort="Irwin, Michael J" uniqKey="Irwin M" first="Michael J." last="Irwin">Michael J. Irwin</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road</s1><s2>Cambridge CB3 OHA</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB3 OHA</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcconnachie, Alan W" sort="Mcconnachie, Alan W" uniqKey="Mcconnachie A" first="Alan W." last="Mcconnachie">Alan W. Mcconnachie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria</s1><s2>British Columbia, V9E 2E7</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>British Columbia, V9E 2E7</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Scott C" sort="Chapman, Scott C" uniqKey="Chapman S" first="Scott C." last="Chapman">Scott C. Chapman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, 6310 Coburg Road</s1><s2>Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Michelle L" sort="Collins, Michelle L" uniqKey="Collins M" first="Michelle L." last="Collins">Michelle L. Collins</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17</s1><s2>69117 Heidelberg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region><settlement type="city">Heidelberg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fardal, Mark" sort="Fardal, Mark" uniqKey="Fardal M" first="Mark" last="Fardal">Mark Fardal</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>University of Massachusetts, Department Astronomy, LGRT 619-E, 710 North Pleasant Street</s1><s2>Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9305</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9305</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université du Massachusetts</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amherst (Massachusetts)</settlement><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Annette M N" sort="Ferguson, Annette M N" uniqKey="Ferguson A" first="Annette M. N." last="Ferguson">Annette M. N. Ferguson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory</s1><s2>Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ibata, Neil G" sort="Ibata, Neil G" uniqKey="Ibata N" first="Neil G." last="Ibata">Neil G. Ibata</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Lycée International des Pontonniers, 1 rue des Pontonniers</s1><s2>67000 Strasbourg</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>67000 Strasbourg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Alsace (région administrative)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dougal Mackey, A" sort="Dougal Mackey, A" uniqKey="Dougal Mackey A" first="A." last="Dougal Mackey">A. Dougal Mackey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>The Australian National University, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek</s1><s2>Australian Capital Province 2611</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Australian Capital Province 2611</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicolas F" sort="Martin, Nicolas F" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicolas F." last="Martin">Nicolas F. Martin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Université</s1><s2>67000 Strasbourg</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>67000 Strasbourg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Alsace (région administrative)</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17</s1><s2>69117 Heidelberg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region><settlement type="city">Heidelberg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, Julio" sort="Navarro, Julio" uniqKey="Navarro J" first="Julio" last="Navarro">Julio Navarro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michael Rich, R" sort="Michael Rich, R" uniqKey="Michael Rich R" first="R." last="Michael Rich">R. Michael Rich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, PAB, 430 Portola Plaza</s1><s2>Los Angeles, California 90095-1547</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Los Angeles, California 90095-1547</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valls Gabaud, David" sort="Valls Gabaud, David" uniqKey="Valls Gabaud D" first="David" last="Valls-Gabaud">David Valls-Gabaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>LERMA, UMR CNRS 8112, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenuede l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75014 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widrow, Lawrence M" sort="Widrow, Lawrence M" uniqKey="Widrow L" first="Lawrence M." last="Widrow">Lawrence M. Widrow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University</s1><s2>Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Nature : (London)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Nature : (Lond.)</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Nature : (London)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Nature : (Lond.)</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Accretion</term><term>Andromeda nebula</term><term>Angular momentum</term><term>Diameter</term><term>Dwarf galaxies</term><term>Dynamic properties</term><term>Radial velocity</term><term>Satellite galaxies</term><term>Subgroup</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Galaxies naines</term><term>Galaxies compagnons</term><term>Accrétion</term><term>Sous groupe</term><term>Diamètre</term><term>Vitesse radiale</term><term>Propriété dynamique</term><term>Moment cinétique</term><term>Nébuleuse Andromède</term><term>M31</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Dwarf satellite galaxies are thought to be the remnants of the population of primordial structures that coalesced to form giant galaxies like the Milky Way<sup>1</sup>. It has previously been suspected<sup>2</sup> that dwarf galaxies may not be isotropically distributed around our Galaxy, because several are correlated with streams of H I emission, and may form coplanar groups<sup>3</sup>. These suspicions are supported by recent analyses<sup>4-7</sup>. It has been claimed<sup>7</sup> that the apparently planar distribution of satellites is not predicted within standard cosmology<sup>8</sup>, and cannot simply represent a memory of past coherent accretion. However, other studies dispute this conclusion<sup>9-11</sup>. Here we report the existence of a planar subgroup of satellites in the Andromeda galaxy (M 31), comprising about half of the population. The structure is at least 400 kiloparsecs in diameter, but also extremely thin, with a perpendicular scatter of less than 14.1 kiloparsecs. Radial velocity measurements<sup>12-15</sup> reveal that the satellites in this structure have the same sense of rotation about their host. This shows conclusively that substantial numbers of dwarf satellite galaxies share the same dynamical orbital properties and direction of angular momentum. Intriguingly, the plane we identify is approximately aligned with the pole of the Milky Way's disk and with the vector between the Milky Way and Andromeda.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>France</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Alsace (région administrative)</li><li>Angleterre</li><li>Angleterre de l'Est</li><li>Bade-Wurtemberg</li><li>District de Karlsruhe</li><li>Grand Est</li><li>Massachusetts</li><li>Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</li><li>Écosse</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Amherst (Massachusetts)</li><li>Cambridge</li><li>Heidelberg</li><li>Paris</li><li>Strasbourg</li><li>Sydney</li><li>Édimbourg</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Édimbourg</li><li>Université de Cambridge</li><li>Université de Sydney</li><li>Université du Massachusetts</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Grand Est"><name sortKey="Ibata, Rodrigo A" sort="Ibata, Rodrigo A" uniqKey="Ibata R" first="Rodrigo A." last="Ibata">Rodrigo A. Ibata</name></region><name sortKey="Ibata, Neil G" sort="Ibata, Neil G" uniqKey="Ibata N" first="Neil G." last="Ibata">Neil G. Ibata</name><name sortKey="Martin, Nicolas F" sort="Martin, Nicolas F" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicolas F." last="Martin">Nicolas F. Martin</name><name sortKey="Valls Gabaud, David" sort="Valls Gabaud, David" uniqKey="Valls Gabaud D" first="David" last="Valls-Gabaud">David Valls-Gabaud</name></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Nouvelle-Galles du Sud"><name sortKey="Lewis, Geraint F" sort="Lewis, Geraint F" uniqKey="Lewis G" first="Geraint F." last="Lewis">Geraint F. Lewis</name></region><name sortKey="Conn, Anthony R" sort="Conn, Anthony R" uniqKey="Conn A" first="Anthony R." last="Conn">Anthony R. Conn</name><name sortKey="Dougal Mackey, A" sort="Dougal Mackey, A" uniqKey="Dougal Mackey A" first="A." last="Dougal Mackey">A. Dougal Mackey</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Irwin, Michael J" sort="Irwin, Michael J" uniqKey="Irwin M" first="Michael J." last="Irwin">Michael J. Irwin</name></region><name sortKey="Ferguson, Annette M N" sort="Ferguson, Annette M N" uniqKey="Ferguson A" first="Annette M. N." last="Ferguson">Annette M. N. Ferguson</name></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mcconnachie, Alan W" sort="Mcconnachie, Alan W" uniqKey="Mcconnachie A" first="Alan W." last="Mcconnachie">Alan W. Mcconnachie</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Chapman, Scott C" sort="Chapman, Scott C" uniqKey="Chapman S" first="Scott C." last="Chapman">Scott C. Chapman</name><name sortKey="Navarro, Julio" sort="Navarro, Julio" uniqKey="Navarro J" first="Julio" last="Navarro">Julio Navarro</name><name sortKey="Widrow, Lawrence M" sort="Widrow, Lawrence M" uniqKey="Widrow L" first="Lawrence M." last="Widrow">Lawrence M. Widrow</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Bade-Wurtemberg"><name sortKey="Collins, Michelle L" sort="Collins, Michelle L" uniqKey="Collins M" first="Michelle L." last="Collins">Michelle L. Collins</name></region><name sortKey="Martin, Nicolas F" sort="Martin, Nicolas F" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicolas F." last="Martin">Nicolas F. Martin</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Massachusetts"><name sortKey="Fardal, Mark" sort="Fardal, Mark" uniqKey="Fardal M" first="Mark" last="Fardal">Mark Fardal</name></region><name sortKey="Michael Rich, R" sort="Michael Rich, R" uniqKey="Michael Rich R" first="R." last="Michael Rich">R. Michael Rich</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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